В монографии в широком историческом контексте охарактеризован процесс возникновения и развития сущностного наполнения принципа природосообразности в истории филисофско-педагогической мысли от античного периода по Новое время.

The article discusses the problem of the possibility of knowing the future, especially the future of social phenomena compared with the future of natural ones. This problem is formulated as a dilemma: the future can be explored or can be only constructed. The idea of constructive character of knowledge of the future is viewed in two possible interpretations.The first one is a special case of the constructivist interpretation of knowledge, according to which different pictures of the future are arbitrarily constructed (...) on the basis of information about the past and current state. The second interpretaion can be presented in the form of a praxeological question: what should be an action in relation to the future, first and foremost to the future of social phenomena - cognitive or creative. It is shown that, in the first case, there is an ability to interpret knowledge of the future from the point of view of epistemological realism, in the second case, both cognitive and creative types of activity as a pragmatic position in relation to the future are necessary and cognitive activity cannot be reduced to creative one. It is also shown that forecaster’s dilemma reflects the problematic nature of forecasting under the conditions of transformation of scientific rationality and point of view of common sense, which is observed in recent decades. (shrink)

Different conceptions on reality in physics and philosophy in the 20th century have been analyzed in the article. These approaches caused the necessity to study the multitude of the worlds. The author proved that multiworld interpretation of quantum mechanics and multitude of the worlds in the Goodman'€™s conception are opposite tendencies. Everett and his followers consider the quantum world as some universal reality whereas Goodman and his supporters do not believe in universal reality.

To the bulk of the British reading public ‘contemporary French philosophy’ would seem to be interchangeable with ‘the works of M. Bergson.’ And it can scarcely be otherwise when, as an erudite correspondent of Le Temps relates, Paris now prints in a week one million books—as many as were printed annually in the reign of the Roi Soleil. For the proportion of these devoted to philosophy is not small. One voracious reader and professor of philosophy in Switzerland, Monsieur J. Benrubi (...) , has withstood for thirty years the annual avalanche of philosophical books, read steadily on, abstracted and collated his gleanings. In him we have a most competent guide. Familiar with every rivulet and path, and with the historic formation of the country, he now reveals to us the whole panorama. His encyclopaedic enterprise, 1 treating some hundred and sixty authors, is neither a chronicle nor a classification, except in a secondary way. It aims principally at tracing cross-currents in recent philosophies so as to discover their internal connexions, and thence in what direction present French thought is heading. M. Benrubi's scrupulousness in seeing nobody is left out tends perhapsto overcrowding, and his emphasis on that which coheres may somewhat overshadow that which divides. And it may be inevitable, too, with a field of figures so vast, that the accounts of some should be insufficiently detailed. But the total effect is substantial, and his volumes are invaluable to whomever would appreciate whence and whither French thought is proceeding. There are three threads to guide us through the labyrinth. The distinct though still interacting tendencies are described as ‘empirical and scientific positivism,’ ‘epistemological and critical idealism,’ and ‘metaphysical and spiritual positivism.’ Each rests on certain characteristics manifested with varying explicitness in the thought of its many representatives. I indicate summarily and quite inadequately some points of M. Benrubi's conclusions. (shrink)

Мета. У статті передбачено дослідити ключові аспекти теорії міметичного насильства відомого французького мислителя Рене Жирара. Теоретичний базис. Дослідження спирається на фундаментальну теорію насильства Рене Жирара, яка охоплює концепції мімезису та жертовного циклу. Жирар стверджує, що насильство виникає через міметичне суперництво, коли люди імітують бажання та дії один одного, що призводить до конфліктів і криз. У цій теорії жертовний механізм, який містить пошук і вбивство "цапа-відбувайла", виконує роль засобу розв’язання криз і запобігання хаосу. Важливим є твердження про унікальність християнства, яке, на (...) відміну від інших релігій, не базується на жертовному культі, а пропонує альтернативний спосіб розв’язання конфліктів через ненасильницьке наслідування Христа. Наукова новизна. Проаналізовано процес міметичного бажання, коли прагнення людини повторювати бажання інших призводить до суперництва та конфліктів, які часто вирішують шляхом обрання спільної жертви – "цапа-відбувайла", на якого колектив проєктує агресію. Цю метафору, що походить із біблійної Книги Левит, Жирар використовує для позначення несправедливо звинувачених осіб чи груп, щоб приховати справжню провину. Механізм залишається універсальним, діючи як в архаїчних, так і в сучасних суспільствах. Розглянуто загрози новітніх форм тоталітаризму, що застосовують механізми колективного насильства та мімезису, а також вплив християнства на зменшення насильства. Жирар рішуче заперечує виправдання насильства, наголошуючи на виборі, який пропонує християнство: бути жертвою, а не катом. Висновки. Ритуали сакралізації жертв підтримують соціальний порядок, підтверджуючи ідею Жирара про понадчасовість міметично-жертовного механізму та схожість між давніми і сучасними ритуалами. Жирар розширює застосування своєї теорії за межі релігійних рамок, використовуючи її в аналізі сучасних соціокультурних явищ. Його ідеї пропонують глибоке розуміння механізмів колективного насильства та їхніх наслідків, зокрема зв’язок між міметичним насильством і можливими апокаліптичними сценаріями. (shrink)

This article is devoted to commune and со-creativity of 21 century. The author considers some aspects of со-creativity in the conditions of information society and active use of the Internet. The analysis of some technologies is presented in article as directions for development of community.

Analysis of the DNA sequence associated with the nuclear matrix has made it possible to identify several types of DNA matrix association. Permanent attachment sites are detected in both transcriptionally active and inactive nuclei. Furthermore, replication origins have been shown to be permanently attached to the nuclear matrix. In transcriptionally active nuclei, expressed genes are also associated with the nuclear matrix. Finally, a special group of attachment sites is described; these sites are believed to maintain the fixed positions of individual (...) chromosomes in interphase nuclei. (shrink)

The nature of religion, its essence for centuries agitated the minds of many thinkers, theologians and religious scholars. As you know, some people saw in it a fantastic reflection of the abstract individual of his being, while others, especially the theologians, saw in it a certain theurgical power that determines the attitude of man to higher moral will, and so on. In general, these and similar approaches to religion, in the best case, more or less successfully fixing some of its (...) features or parties, do not yet give an idea of ​​its integrity. Today, many of its definitions, formal and logical definitions are known, but for the most part they are not perfect, one-sided or simply false, because they do not rely on the essential in the religious phenomenon. (shrink)

Ocherk 1. Voprosy ontologii -- Ocherk 2. Voprosy ėtiki i ėstetiki -- Ocherk 3. Voprosy gnoseologii i aksiologii.

In this article I describe the implicit conceptualization of social order which exists in Death Stranding — localized in both the setting and the mechanics of the game — and compare it with the conceptualization of Thomas Hobbes’s “Leviathan”. First, the theoretical tension between Death Stranding and “Leviathan” is traced: the speculative conceptualization of the Leviathan and the procedural conceptualization of Death Stranding are compared by clarifying the role that the concepts of action, authorization, right and sovereignty play in Hobbesian (...) theory and the video game. Sec­ondly, the theoretical tension between the political and natural capacities of the Sovereign according to Hobbes is explicated; with the help of mate­rial from Death Stranding, a variant of its resolution is proposed, suggest­ing the conceptualization of the Sovereign-without-a-body: an instance devoid of physical capacity and materiality, yet still capable of maintaining social order as a product of its activity. Subsequently, attention is paid to the mechanics of state expansion in Death Stranding: I describe and analyze how the Sovereign-without-a-body’s messenger — the protagonist of the video game — interacts with people outside the Sovereign’s zone of influ­ence, convincing them to consent to return to the commonwealth. This theoretical move makes it possible to supplement Hobbes’s binary scheme of the state of nature and commonwealth with a third concept — the state of memory, in which the memory of the Sovereign turns out to be a deci­sive factor influencing whether the commonwealth will be restored to its former boundaries. By explicating the Hobbesian theory of imagination, I demonstrate that — in the state of memory — the Sovereign is contingent, not fully defined, and virtual. (shrink)

Книга написана образно, хорошим литературным языком, что делает ее интересной и доступной самому широкому кругу читателей. Книга отличный подарок для любознательного читателя.

In his two volumes on Intuitive Thought Professor Edouard Le Roy continues his idealistic interpretation of spiritual creativity, and turns from its ‘products’ manifested in biological and human evolution to consider its most intimate character, as it is ‘lived through’ or directly experienced in intuitive and inventive thinking. The whole plan and its execution are determined by two characteristic themes of Bergsonism—intuition and the dynamical schema—though these are repensès in a quite original way. “Intuitive thought” and “metaphysical thought,” M. Le (...) Roy affirms in the preface, are “one and the same”; the latter is condemned only by those who misconceive the former. So by correcting misunderstandings he seeks to. (shrink)

"Ise monogatari" is a remarkable monument of Japanese classical literature, dated around the end of the XIX - the beginning of the tenth century. The author of this piece is not known, although the most common traditional version states that it is one of the leading poets of Heaven's years of Arrivar-Narihira. "Ise monogatari" occupies an important place in the classical hierarchy of texts - deep knowledge of it was obligatory for an educated person; in addition, this work includes a (...) review of the life of the Heianan aristocrat, and therefore has the character of "encyclopedic" self-writing culture. (shrink)